森林风景功能的计量评价

采用被视频度、林型权重、被视可能性 ,对富阳市富春江两岸风景森林进行计量评价 ,为两岸风景防护林的配置、管理提供正确的决策。通过地形及土地利用图、数值地形模型和视线入射角来确定景观的被视频度 ;引进人口重力模型来表示森林的被视可能性 ;采取一对一比较法判断林型权重 ;利用 Thurstone的比较判断矩阵得到各景观的评价值。通过使用林型权重 ,可判断景区森林布局的合理性 ,而评价值 (Li)的高低可作为森林景观是否需要改造的标志值。研究表明 ,景观的评价值 (Li)受被视可能性 (Gi)和林型权重 (Vi)的影响。景观评价值最高的为杨树苏柳银芽柳条带状混交林、杨树香椿枫香复层林两种木森林类型 ,其次为杨树河柳林带、杨柳枫杨桤木香樟块状混交林、桤木纯林、杨树纸浆林、柳树纸浆林、街道公园绿化带、枫杨纯林、桑树。森林是以小班为单位经营管理的 ,植被、林龄等在同一小班内基本一致 ,森林风景管理也至少要求对每个小班进行评价 ,因此 ,研究时网格大小起码在小班内含有几个网格 ,最适大小为 5 0 m× 5 0 m。     

城市生态系统景观格局特征及形成机制

以城市生态系统的格局一过程一功能等相关概念的辨析为基础,重点分析了城市景观格局的基本特征,以及城市格局对生态系统过程和功能的影响。结果表明,高度人工化、高度的时空异质特性、破碎性、不稳定性是城市景观格局最为显著的特征。城市所在区域的自然环境条件,历史文化传统,城市格局的基本骨架——交通系统和城市职能是影响城市格局形成和演变的重要驱动因素。城市景观结构决定了其生态过程。综合研究城市景观格局-过程-功能的关系,认识城市的发展演变过程,可为城市规划、建设和管理提供重要的科学基础。     

黑龙江省红松林资源动态变化研究

利用黑龙江省1949~1998年的调查数据和1949、1986年的两期1∶2500000森林资源分布图,从资源统计和景观格局两个角度对黑龙江省红松林的变化进行了研究。结果表明,从数量上看,黑龙江省红松林的面积和蓄积急剧减少,占全省森林资源的比例不断降低,林龄结构趋于不合理;从景观格局来看,1949年和1986年两期景观相比,红松林面积急剧减少,斑块数量增多,斑块密度加大,平均斑块面积减小,总边缘长度减小,边缘密度增大,呈严重的破碎化,大部分红松林景观转变为阔叶混交林和非林地。     

Landscape Resources for the Territorial Nymphalid Butterfly Inachis io: Microsite Landform Selection and Behavioral Responses to Environmental Conditions

We investigate the use of landforms at different scales by males of the territorial nymphalid butterfly Inachis io (Linnaeus, 1758) under different weather conditions. They are known to use landforms at two different scales including macroscale, such as valley sides, tops of slopes and wood edges, and mini-landforms, such as molehills produced by the burrowing animal Talpa europaea Linnaeus (Linnaeus, 1758). Here, we demonstrate that they exploit microscale features on the molehills. The butterfly shifts its position in the landscape in relation to changing conditions by flying, and at the microscale, by walking. The links between thermoregulatory behavior and site selection indicate that perches are adopted to maintain body heat in the cool spring conditions when territories are established. Mini-landforms such as the molehills are adopted for their potential shelter and warmth in relation to ambient conditions; microsite selection typically includes warm niches on molehills, such as sunny slopes, sheltered margins and depressions. Shelter is adopted regardless of reduced visibility for territorial males. The importance of non-consumable (mate location) resources at different spatial scales is discussed in the context of habitat and the matrix.     

丘陵区生态农业旅游的垂直景观生态研究

针对城郊丘陵区的地貌特征,生态农业旅游景观应按坡度和等高线布置,形成山顶水保林带、坡上桃树带、坡中枇杷带、坡下特种瓜果带、山底特色水域带的垂直生态景观模式。这种模式不仅具有良好的景观效果,也产生了很好的生态效益。试验区植被覆盖率显著提高,物种多样性得到了恢复,景观林带内的气温和土温降低、温度日变幅减少、空气相对湿度增加,这种效果由弱至强依次表现为农作地、水保林、经果林。果园自然生草、种植牧草后有利于降低土壤和空气温度、减少温度日变幅、增加空气相对湿度和防治水土流失的效果。     

人工沟渠的生态环境效应研究综述

人工沟渠主要指以排水和灌溉为目的人工挖掘的水道.人工沟渠作为排水和引水的廊道改善了土壤的结构、促进了作物的生长,从而提高了农作物的产量;同时人工沟渠这种景观的存在对周围的环境也产生了巨大的影响.水文效应是被大家普遍接受的生态环境效应.在整个降雨期间或之后,观察显示出沟渠对出口径流的贡献：一些沟渠收集和向河流输送水;另一些沟渠收集水但是减慢了水流的速度.本文从水文效应、对元素地球化学循环、生物及其生境的影响到对生态环境整体影响方面总结了人工沟渠的生态环境效应,并对其进一步的研究提出一些建议,旨在最大限度发挥人工沟渠的生态环境效应,改善整个生态环境.     

Importance of Hydrologic and Landscape Heterogeneity for Restoring Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) Colonies along the Sacramento River, California

Human activities have degraded riparian systems in numerous ways, including homogenization of the floodplain landscape and minimization of extreme flows. We analyzed the effects of changes in these and other factors for extinction–colonization dynamics of a threatened Bank Swallow population along the upper Sacramento River, California, U.S.A. We monitored Bank Swallow distributions along a 160‐km stretch of the river from 1986–1992 and 1996–2003 and tested whether site extinctions and colonizations corresponded with changes in maximum river discharge, surrounding land cover, estimated colony size, temperature, and precipitation. Colonization probabilities increased with maximum discharge. Extinction probabilities decreased with proximity to the nearest grassland, decreased with colony size, and increased with maximum discharge. To explore the implications for restoration, we incorporated the statistically estimated effects of distance to grassland and maximum discharge into simple metapopulation models. Under current conditions, the Bank Swallow metapopulation appears to be in continued decline, although stable or increasing numbers cannot be ruled out with the existing data. Maximum likelihood parameters from these regression models suggest that the Sacramento River metapopulation could be restored to 45 colonies through moderate amounts of grassland restoration, large increases in discharge, or direct restoration of nesting habitat by removing approximately 10% of existing bank protection (riprap) from suitable areas. Our results highlight the importance of grassland restoration, mixed benefits of restoring high spring discharge, and the importance of within‐colony dynamics as areas for future research.     

Colonization of dynamic Mediterranean landscapes: where do birds come from after fire?

Aim Two main mechanisms may explain post‐disturbance species colonization patterns of early successional habitats such as those originated by wildfires. First, post‐disturbance colonization is not limited by the dispersal ability of the species to reach the newly created open areas and, secondly, colonization is limited by dispersal. Under the first hypothesis, we expect, at a regional scale, to find similar post‐disturbance communities to develop on recently burned sites. However, colonization limited by dispersal will lead to strong between‐site variations in species composition. Location To test these hypotheses, we studied the post‐fire colonization patterns of nine open‐habitat bird species in eight distantly located wildfires in the north‐eastern Iberian Peninsula. Methods We censused post‐fire bird composition by means of field transects and identified potential colonization sources from species–habitat suitability maps derived from atlas data. Results Our results showed strong significant differences in post‐fire species composition between burnt areas. Burnt areas located in areas with low probability of species presence before the fire event showed lower species occurrence and richness after the fire. Main conclusions These results do not support the idea that early successional stages and open habitats have a homogeneous community structure at regional scales and suggest that dispersal is a key constraint determining bird colonization of post‐fire habitats. Further attention should be paid to landscape heterogeneity as a key factor in determining population dynamics of open‐habitat species in the light of current and future land‐use changes in Mediterranean regions.